Turkey's President Recep Tayyip
Erdogan addressed an audience in Prizren during an official visit to Kosovo
in October 2013: "We all belong to a common history, common culture,
common civilization. We are the people who are brethren of that structure. Do
not forget, Turkey is Kosovo, Kosovo is Turkey!"
Turkey's foreign policy in the Balkans
promotes a neo-Ottoman agenda, aimed at expanding its influence in former
territories of the Ottoman Empire. Turkey exports Islamism under the guise of
cultural cooperation. It also seeks economic advantage, using business as
leverage to consolidate its national interests.
The Turkish International Cooperation
and Development Agency (TIKA) is a vehicle through which Turkey advances its
ideological agenda. TIKA is the vanguard of Turkey's Justice and Development
Party (AKP), which supports Muslim Brotherhood chapters around the world.
TIKA runs a parallel and complementary foreign policy to official state
institutions, coordinating with Turkey's Ministry of Culture and the Presidency
of Religious Affairs to promote the AKP's Islamist agenda.
TIKA operates like a social welfare
agency. In Kosovo, it supports more than 400 projects in the fields of
agriculture, health and education. Affordable health care is offered in
Kosovo at Turkish-run hospitals and clinics, sponsored by TIKA.
Despite its extensive activities, Zeri
reports that the Central Bank of Kosovo has logged only 2.7 million Euros
transferred by TIKA to its Kosovo account between 2009 and 2014. TIKA
transfers most funds in cash with no official record. It does not want to
draw attention to its activities.
Most TIKA funds are used to restore
Ottoman monuments and build mosques. For example, TIKA supported restoration
of the Sultan Murat Tomb in Kosovo. It rebuilt Ottoman religious sites like
the Fatih Mosque and the Sinan Pasha Mosque, which cost 1.2 million Euros.
Since 2011, TIKA has restored approximately 30 religious structures from the
Ottoman period and 20 new mosques across Kosovo. Erdogan personally pledged funds
to build the country's biggest mosque in Pristina.
In addition, TIKA supports regional
Islamic unions and institutions. It subsidizes community based social
mobilization projects, which promote Islam. TIKA's network of Muslim
community leaders and imams, which includes imams from Turkey, actively
promotes Islam. Its benevolence includes food for the Iftar meal during
Ramadan, delivered to impressionable Kosovars in poor rural areas.
TIKA also sponsors schools in Pristina, Prizren, Gjakova, and Peja. Some
schools provide Qur'anic instruction, as well as Turkish language
instruction. As many as 20,000 Turks reside in Kosovo, where Turkish is an
official language. The Turkish Embassy in Pristina awards 100 scholarships
for Kosovars to study in Turkey each year.
But not all schools supported by TIKA
are part of the formal education sector. Some function like madrassas,
offering Islamic education, thereby contributing to the radicalization of
Kosovar youth. The Government of Kosovo acknowledges that more than 300
Kosovars have joined the Islamic State in Syria. The figure dates back a
couple of years. Today's number may be much higher.
Yunus Emre Turkish Cultural Centers are also vehicles for Turkish influence.
According to its charter, Yunus Emre Centers "provide services abroad to
people who want to have education in the fields of Turkish language, culture
and art, to improve the friendship between Turkey and other countries."
Support for educational institutions is a propaganda tool to foster a
positive impression of Turkey among Kosovars. Turkey's Minister of Education
visited Kosovo and publicly asked Kosovo institutions to change history texts
in order to portray Ottomans as liberators, rather than as occupants and
aggressors.
Erdogan asked the Government of Kosovo
to close schools established by Fetullah Gulen, with whom he had a falling
out. Kosovo officials acquiesced, though Gulen schools offered quality
education to Kosovars.
Turkish businessmen also benefit from
Turkey's aggressive religious and cultural promotion. A well-respected
Turkish scholar asks of the AKP, "Are they Islamists or just thieves
with a religious rhetoric?"
Turkey is Kosovo's largest trading
partner, after Serbia. The trade volume between Turkey and Kosovo was 206.5
million Euros in 2012. (Export to Kosovo was 199.5 million Euros; import from
Kosovo only 7 million Euro). Trade volume slightly decreased in 2013-14 due
to an economic slowdown in the region.
Tenders for some of the biggest public projects in Kosovo have been won by Turkish
companies. The Limak Holding Company won the concession to manage the
Pristina International Airport. The Çalık-Limak Consortium also acquired the
Kosovo Energy Distribution Services. Limak pledged to invest 300 million
Euros in the transmission system, but its investment still has not
materialized.
The Merdare-Morina highway connecting
Kosovo to Albania was built by the Turkish construction company, Enka, in
consortium with Bechtel. Çalik-Limak has just started construction of the
Pristina-Hani Elezit highway between Kosovo and Macedonia.
The award of tenders may be subject to
political influence. Çalik Holding and Limak are politically well-connected.
Erdogan's son-in-law is a major shareholder in Limak.
The Turkish banking system dominates
the financial sector in Kosovo. A majority of Kosovo's major banks are
Turkish, including the Turkish Economic Bank (TEB).
More than 900 Turkish companies
operate in Kosovo. About 7,000 Kosovars are employed by Turkish companies in,
for example, the food processing and textile sectors. It is hard to be
accepted or keep a job in a business where the owner is Turkish if you don't
speak Turkish.
Kadri Veseli, a prominent Kosovo
politician, was a former critic of Turkish concerns acquiring Kosovo state
enterprises. Veseli bemoaned Turkey's penetration as bad for both Kosovo's
economy and its EU aspirations.
Since become Speaker of Kosovo's
Parliament, however, Vaseli has not said a word about Turkey's economic
dominance. He and other prominent Kosovo politicians, including Foreign
Minister Hashim Thaci, have close ties to Erdogan, as well as Turkish
business and political leaders.
Turkey has cemented its influence
through security cooperation. Around 2,000 Turkish soldiers were deployed as
part of the KFOR peacekeeping mission in 1999. There are still 350 Turkish
soldiers in Pristina and Prizren. Turkey has indicated its willingness to
assume control of Bondsteel, the US base in Kosovo, as US forces withdraw.
Turkey has also shown itself a
reliable political partner. Ankara was reluctant to endorse Kosovo's
independence, lest a parallel be drawn with its Kurdish minority. However,
Turkey was one of the first countries to recognize Kosovo when it declared
independence from Serbia in 2008. Prime Minister Ahmet Davutoğlu's notion of
"strategic depth" views Turkey as a regional power and an
alternative to the EU for countries like Kosovo. Muslim solidarity is the
centerpiece of Davutoğlu's strategy to expand Turkey's influence.
Davutoğlu explicitly linked Turkey's
foreign policy to its Ottoman legacy during a trip to Bosnia-Herzegovina in
2009. "The Ottoman centuries of the Balkans were a success story. Now we
have to reinvent this." He announced, "Turkey is back."
Faster integration into Euro-Atlantic
institutions is the best antidote to Turkey's influence in Kosovo and the
Western Balkans. US interests would also be served through intensified
engagement in the region.
Closer cooperation between the US and
Kosovo would be a bulwark against Turkey's export of Islamism. It would also
prevent the further radicalization of Kosovo society, staunching the flow of
Kosovars to join ISIS.
Mr. Phillips is Director of the Program on
Peace-building and Rights at Columbia University's Institute for the Study of
Human Rights. He served as a Senior Adviser and Foreign Affairs Experts to
the US Department of State during the Clinton, Bush, and Obama
administrations. Phillips is author of "Liberating Kosovo: Coercive
Diplomacy and US Intervention" (Kennedy School at Harvard University and
NBC Publishing).
|
Politika e jashtme e Turqisë në
Ballkan nxit një axhendë neo-otomane, që ka për qëllim zgjerimin e ndikimin e
saj në ish-territoret e Perandorisë Osmane. Kështu shkruan për Huffington
David Phillips është drejtor i Programit për Ndërtimin e Paqes dhe të
Drejtave në Institutin Columbia University, i cili më parë ka shërbyer si
këshilltar i lartë në Departamentin e Shtetit gjatë administratës Klinton,
Bush dhe Obama.
Sipas tij Turqia eksporton islamizmin nën maskën e
bashkëpunimit kulturor. Ajo gjithashtu kërkon përparësi ekonomike, duke
përdorur biznesin për të konsoliduar interesat e saj kombëtare.Agjencia Turke
për Bashkëpunim Ndërkombëtar dhe Zhvillim (TIKA), është një mjet kryesor
nëpërmjet të cilit Turqia përparon agjendën e saj ideologjike. TIKA është
pararojë e Partisë për Drejtësi dhe Zhvillim të Turqisë (AKP), e cila
mbështet kapituj Vëllazërisë Myslimane në mbarë botën.TIKA drejton një
politikë të jashtme paralele dhe plotësuese për institucionet zyrtare
shtetërore, koordinimin me të Turqisë Ministria e Kulturës dhe Kryesisë së
Çështjeve Fetare të promovuar agjendën islamike të AKP.
TIKA po ashtu operon nën maskën e një agjencie të
mirëqenies sociale. Në Kosovë, ajo mbështet më shumë se 400 projekte në
fushat e bujqësisë, shëndetësisë dhe arsimit. Kujdesit shëndetësor në
Kosovë po ashtu sponsorizohet nga TIKA.Banka Qendrore e Kosovës ka
regjistruar vetëm 2.7 milionë euro të transferuara nga TIKA në llogarinë e
saj në Kosovës në mes të 2009 dhe 2014.
Shumica e fondeve të TIKA janë përdorur për të
rivendosur monumentet otomane dhe për të ndërtuar xhami. Për shembull, TIKA
ka mbështetur restaurimin e varrit të Sulltan Muratit në Kosovë. Ajo ka
rindërtuar objektet fetare osmane si Xhaminë Fatih dhe Xhaminë e Sinan
Pashës, e cila kushtoi 1.2 milion euro. Që nga viti 2011, TIKA ka rivendosur
rreth 30 struktura fetare nga periudha otomane dhe 20 xhami të reja në tërë
Kosovën. Erdogan u zotua personalisht fonde për të ndërtuar xhaminë më të
madhe të vendit në Prishtinë.
Përveç kësaj, TIKA mbështet sindikatat rajonale
islame. Ajo subvencionon projektet mobilizimi social bazë komunitare, të
cilat promovojnë Islamin. Rrjeti i TIKA-së udhëheqësve të komunitetit
musliman dhe imamëve, duke përfshirë edhe imamëve turq, në mënyrë
aktive promovojnë Islamin. Dashamirësia e saj dukshëm përfshin ushqimin
për vaktin e iftarit gjatë Ramazanit, dorëzuar për kosovarët në zonat e
varfra rurale.
TIKA gjithashtu sponsorizon shkollat në Prishtinë, Prizren, Gjakovë dhe Pejë. Disa
shkolla ofrojnë mësim kuranor, si dhe mësimin e gjuhës turke. Por jo të
gjitha shkollat e mbështetura nga TIKA janë pjesë e sektorit të
arsimit formal. Disa funksionojnë si medrese, duke ofruar edukim islam, dhe
duke kontribuar në radikalizimin e rinisë kosovare.
Mbështetja për institucionet arsimore shihet si një
mjet propagande për të nxitur një përshtypje pozitive të Turqisë në mesin e
kosovarëve. Ministri turk i Arsimit vizitoi Kosovën dhe publikisht i kërkoi
institucioneve të Kosovës për të ndryshuar tekstet e historisë në mënyrë që
të portretizoheb osmanët si çlirimtarë dhe jo si agresorë.
Erdogan kërkoi nga Qeveria e Kosovës që të mbyllë
shkollat e përcaktuara nga Fethullah Gylen, me të cilin ai ka
pasur përplasje. Turqia është partneri më i madh tregtar i Kosovës, pas
Serbisë. Volumi i tregtisë midis Turqisë dhe Kosovës ka qenë 206.5 milionë
euro në vitin 2012.
Tenderët për disa nga projektet më të mëdha publike
në Kosovë janë fituar nga kompanitë turke. Kompania Limak Holding fitoi
koncesionin për të menaxhuar Aeroportin Ndërkombëtar të Prishtinës.
Konsorciumi Çalik-Limak gjithashtu fitoi Shërbimet Shpërndarjes së energjisë
në Kosovë. Limak është zotuar të investojë 300 milionë euro në sistemin e
transmetimit, por investimi i saj ende nuk është materializuar.Autostrada
Merdare-Morinë që lidh Kosovën me Shqipërinë është ndërtuar nga kompania
turke e ndërtimit, Enka, në konsorcium me Bechtel. Çalik-Limak sapo ka
filluar ndërtimin e autostradës Prishtinë-Hani i Elezit midis Kosovës dhe
Maqedonisë.
Sistemi bankar turk dominon sektorin financiar në
Kosovë. Shumica e bankave më të mëdha të Kosovës janë turk, përfshirë Bankën
Ekonomike Turke (TEB).Më shumë se 900 kompani turke operojnë në Kosovë. Rreth
7,000 kosovarët janë të punësuar nga kompanitë turke në, = sektorët e
përpunimit të ushqimit dhe tekstilit. Kryetari i Kuvendit të Kosovës, Kadri
Vaseli dhe politikanë të tjerë të shquar të Kosovës, përfshirë ministri e
jashtëm Hashim Thaçi, kanë lidhje të ngushta me Erdogan.
Turqia ka betonuar ndikimin e vet edhe përmes
bashkëpunimit në fushën e sigurisë. Rreth 2,000 ushtarë turq u vendosën
si pjesë e misionit paqeruajtës të KFOR-it në vitin 1999. Ka ende 350 ushtarë
turq në Prishtinë dhe Prizren. Turqia ka treguar gatishmërinë e saj për të
marrë përsipër kontrollin e bazës amerikane Bondsteel në Kosovë, pasi forcat
amerikane të tërhiqen. Turqia ishte një nga vendet e para që ta njohin
Kosovën kur ajo shpalli pavarësinë nga Serbia në 2008. Integrimi i shpejtë në
institucionet euro-atlantike është antidoti më i mirë për ndikimin e Turqisë
në Kosovë dhe në Ballkanin Perëndimor.
|
ΗΛΕΚΤΡΟΝΙΚΉ ΕΦΗΜΕΡΙΣ ΠΟΛΙΤΙΣΤΙΚΉ ΙΣΤΟΡΙΚΉ ΟΡΘΌΔΟΞΗ ΤΩΝ ΚΟΡΥΤΣΑΙΩΝ ΗΠΕΙΡΩΤΏΝ - GAZETË ELEKTRONIKE, KULTURORE, HISTORIKE, ORTHODHOKSE E KORÇARËVE EPIROTË
Κυριακή 3 Ιανουαρίου 2016
Turkey's Islamist Agenda in Kosovo - Huffington Post: Axhenda islamike e Turqisë në Kosovë
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